Thursday, August 27, 2026

Private Banks And PSU Banks



People who say that government has misused public funds for betterment and for promoting the future of the government should explain why so many private banks  had to down their shutters and how government saved the hard earned money of common men kept in these private banks were saved by government and by PSU banks


जो लोग कहते हैं कि सरकार ने भलाई और अपने भविष्य को बेहतर बनाने के लिए जनता के पैसे का गलत इस्तेमाल किया है, उन्हें यह बताना चाहिए कि इतने सारे प्राइवेट बैंकों को अपना कामकाज क्यों बंद करना पड़ा और सरकार व PSU बैंकों ने इन प्राइवेट बैंकों में जमा आम लोगों की मेहनत की कमाई को कैसे बचाया।



 डूबते निजी बैंकों से आम जनता की गाढ़ी कमाई बचाने में सरकार और सरकारी बैंकों (PSU Banks) की भूमिका

जब निजी बैंक कुप्रबंधनअत्यधिक जोखिम भरे कॉर्पोरेट कर्जों या धोखाधड़ी के कारण दिवालिया होने की कगारपर पहुंचेतब सरकारभारतीय रिजर्व बैंक (RBI) और सरकारी बैंकों ने दखल देकर आम जमाकर्ताओं(Depositors) का पैसा डूबने से बचाया और बैंकिंग व्यवस्था को संकट से निकाला।

डूबते निजी बैंकों का पुनरुद्धार और आम जनता की सुरक्षा के बड़े उदाहरण

  • यस बैंक (Yes Bank) का पुनर्गठन (मार्च 2020)
    • संकट का कारण: डीएचएफएल (DHFL), रिलायंस एडीएजी (ADAG), कॉक्स एंड किंग्स औरआईएलएंडएफएस जैसी संकटग्रस्त निजी कंपनियों को अंधाधुंध कर्ज बांटने से बैंक की पूंजी खत्म होगई।
    • बचाव की कार्रवाई: सरकार और आरबीआई के निर्देश पर देश के सबसे बड़े सरकारी बैंक भारतीय स्टेट बैंक (SBI) ने आगे आकर यस बैंक में ₹6,050 करोड़ से अधिक की इक्विटी पूंजी लगाई औरअन्य वित्तीय संस्थानों के साथ मिलकर इसका पुनर्गठन किया।
    • जमाकर्ताओं को राहत: एक भी खाताधारक का पैसा नहीं डूबा। 13 दिनों के भीतर सामान्य कामकाजबहाल कर दिया गया और सभी बचत खाते  एफडी पूरी तरह सुरक्षित रहे।
  • लक्ष्मी विलास बैंक (LVB) का विलय (नवंबर 2020)
    • संकट का कारण: भारी एनपीएप्रमोटरों की संदिग्ध गतिविधियों और पूंजी की भारी कमी के कारणबैंक दिवालिया होने की स्थिति में  गया था।
    • बचाव की कार्रवाई: आरबीआई ने बैंक की इक्विटी को शून्य कर प्रमोटरों और शेयरधारकों को घाटाउठाने पर मजबूर किया और पूरे बैंक का विलय डीबीएस बैंक इंडिया (DBS Bank) में कराया।
    • जमाकर्ताओं को राहत: आम जनता की जमा पूंजी पर ₹1 का भी नुकसान (Haircut) नहीं हुआ औरसभी खाते पूरी तरह सुरक्षित नए बैंक में ट्रांसफर हो गए।
  • पीएमसी बैंक (PMC Bank) का समाधान (2019–2022)
    • संकट का कारण: बैंक प्रबंधन ने अपनी कुल पूंजी का 70% से अधिक हिस्सा (~₹6,500 करोड़अवैध रूप से एक ही डिफॉल्टर बिल्डर कंपनी (HDIL) को दे दिया था।
    • बचाव की कार्रवाई: रिजर्व बैंक ने बैंक का पुनर्गठन कर इसे यूनिटी स्मॉल फाइनेंस बैंक (Unity Small Finance Bank) में तब्दील किया।
    • जमाकर्ताओं को राहत: बीमा नियमों के तहत छोटे जमाकर्ताओं को तुरंत भुगतान किया गया औरबाकी बची रकम को चरणबद्ध तरीके से वापस करने की समय-सारणी तय की गई।
  • ग्लोबल ट्रस्ट बैंक का ऐतिहासिक विलय (2004)
    • संकट का कारण: शेयर बाजार में सट्टेबाजी और अनियमित कर्ज वितरण के कारण बैंक पूरी तरह बैठगया था।
    • बचाव की कार्रवाई: केंद्र सरकार और आरबीआई ने तुरंत फैसला लेते हुए इसका विलय सरकारी बैंकओरिएंटल बैंक ऑफ कॉमर्स (OBC) में कराया।
    • जमाकर्ताओं को राहत: सरकारी बैंक के मजबूत आधार ने आम खाताधारकों की पूरी जमा पूंजी कोसुरक्षित रखा।

जनता के पैसे की सुरक्षा के लिए किए गए बड़े नीतिगत सुधार

  • डिपॉजिट इंश्योरेंस में 5 गुना बढ़ोतरी (DICGC संशोधन कानून, 2021)
    • बीमा सीमा बढ़ी: बैंक में जमा आम नागरिक के पैसे की गारंटी (डिपॉजिट इंश्योरेंसको ₹1 लाख से बढ़ाकर ₹5 लाख प्रति जमाकर्ता कर दिया गया।
    • 90 दिनों में भुगतान की कानूनी गारंटी: यदि कोई बैंक वित्तीय संकट के कारण पाबंदी(Moratorium) में आता हैतो 90 दिनों के भीतर जमाकर्ताओं को उनकी बीमित राशि का भुगतानकरना अनिवार्य किया गया।
  • प्रमोटरों पर कार्रवाई, जनता की सुरक्षा पहले
    • नए नियमों के तहत संकटग्रस्त निजी बैंकों के प्रमोटरों की शेयर पूंजी को समाप्त कर दिया जाता हैताकि बैंक के नुकसान का बोझ आम जनता या खाताधारकों पर  पड़े।
    • डिफॉल्टर प्रमोटरों की निजी संपत्तियों को ईडी (ED) और सीबीआई (CBI) द्वारा जब्त कर बैंकों कोसौंपा जा रहा है।
  • वित्तीय स्थिरता में सरकारी बैंकों (PSU Banks) की ढाल
    • जब भी निजी क्षेत्र की वित्तीय संस्थाएं लड़खड़ाईंतब स्टेट बैंक ऑफ इंडिया (SBI) और अन्यसार्वजनिक क्षेत्र के बैंकों ने आगे आकर वित्तीय संकट को थामा। इससे  केवल आम आदमी कीबचत सुरक्षित रहीबल्कि देश की अर्थव्यवस्था में जनता का भरोसा भी बना रहा।


The Role of Government and PSU Banks in Rescuing Failing Private Banks and Protecting Depositors

When private financial institutions faced collapse due to governance failures, reckless corporate exposure, or fraudulent underwriting, the government, the Reserve Bank of India (RBI), and Public Sector Undertakings (PSUs) intervened to prevent systemic contagion and safeguard retail deposits.

Major Private Bank Rescues and Depositor Protection Mechanisms

  • Yes Bank Reconstruction (March 2020)
    • Crisis Origin: Uncontrolled lending to stressed corporate conglomerates (DHFL, Reliance ADAG, Cox & Kings, IL&FS) led to a severe capital shortfall and deposit flight.
    • The Rescue Mechanism: The RBI placed the bank under a brief moratorium, and the State Bank of India (SBI)—a public sector bank—led an institutional bailout alongside private lenders. SBI infused over ₹6,050 crore for an initial 48.2% equity stake.
    • Outcome for Depositors: Not a single retail depositor lost money. The moratorium was lifted within 13 days, restoring normal operations without wiping out savings.
  • Lakshmi Vilas Bank Amalgamation (November 2020)
    • Crisis Origin: Severe erosion of net worth, mounting bad loans (such as loans against promoter fixed deposits), and corporate governance lapses.
    • The Rescue Mechanism: The RBI instituted a structured amalgamation with DBS Bank India Ltd (DBIL). The equity of the defaulting bank was written down to zero, penalizing equity holders rather than depositors.
    • Outcome for Depositors: All retail and institutional deposits were transferred to DBS Bank India without any haircut or loss of interest.
  • Punjab & Maharashtra Co-operative (PMC) Bank Resolution (2019–2022)
    • Crisis Origin: Severe fraud where over 70% of the loan book (~₹6,500 crore) was secretly funneled to a single defaulting entity (HDIL).
    • The Rescue Mechanism: Amalgamated into Unity Small Finance Bank, backed by Centrum Group and BharatPe, under an RBI-approved scheme.
    • Outcome for Depositors: Small depositors received immediate payouts via deposit insurance, and structured repayment schedules were created to return remaining balances in phases.
  • Historical Precedents: Global Trust Bank (2004)
    • Crisis Origin: Excessive speculative exposure to the stock market (Ketan Parekh scam era) and real estate.
    • The Rescue Mechanism: The RBI and central government mandated a merger with the state-owned Oriental Bank of Commerce (OBC).
    • Outcome for Depositors: Public sector backing fully absorbed the operational load, ensuring zero loss to retail account holders.

Structural Reforms Introduced to Protect Public Money

  • Enhancement of Deposit Insurance (DICGC Amendment Act, 2021)
    • Cover Increased 5x: The statutory deposit insurance limit provided by the Deposit Insurance and Credit Guarantee Corporation (DICGC) was raised from ₹1 lakh to ₹5 lakh per depositor per bank.
    • 90-Day Payout Guarantee: Lenders placed under moratorium are legally mandated to return insured funds to depositors within 90 days, preventing prolonged freezes on household savings.
  • Accountability for Promoters vs. Protection for Depositors
    • Wiping Out Promoter Equity: In modern resolution frameworks (such as LVB and IBC cases), promoter equity and Tier-1 capital are written down first, forcing defaulting management and shareholders to absorb losses rather than common savers.
    • Asset Attachments: Investigating agencies (ED, CBI, SFIO) attach properties and liquid assets belonging to promoter groups to restitute funds back to the banks.
  • Public Sector Stability as a Systemic Backstop
    • Interventions by institutions like SBI and the recapitalization of Public Sector Banks ensure that liquidity shocks in the private financial sector do not trigger widespread bank runs, protecting millions of small businesses, salaried employees, and senior citizens.

Total Business (Deposits + Advances) as of March 2026

Total banking business across Scheduled Commercial Banks (SCBs) crossed ~₹390 lakh crore by the end of FY 2025–26, distributed between Public Sector Banks (PSBs) and Private Sector Banks:

  • Public Sector Banks (PSBs):
    • Aggregate Business: ~₹225 lakh crore (~57% market share)
    • Total Deposits: ~₹128 lakh crore
    • Gross Advances: ~₹97 lakh crore
  • Private Sector Banks (PVBs):
    • Aggregate Business: ~₹160 lakh crore (~39% market share)
    • Total Deposits: ~₹86 lakh crore
    • Gross Advances: ~₹74 lakh crore

Total Employee Headcount as of March 2026

Private sector banks have expanded their direct workforce more rapidly in recent years due to aggressive retail branch expansion and field sales hiring, overtaking public sector banks in total on-roll staff:

  • Public Sector Banks: ~7.6 lakh employees
    • Comprises officers, clerical staff, and sub-staff across the 12 PSBs (led by State Bank of India with ~2.3 lakh employees).
  • Private Sector Banks: ~8.3 lakh employees
    • Driven by large-scale hiring in major institutions including HDFC Bank, ICICI Bank, Axis Bank, and Kotak Mahindra Bank across retail operations, technology, and wealth management.


Total Bad Debts (Gross NPAs) as of March 2026

Gross Non-Performing Assets across the Indian banking system have declined to multi-decade lows of ~2.2% to 2.4% of total advances, with a net NPA ratio below 0.6%:

 Public Sector Banks (PSBs):

 Gross NPAs: ~₹2.55 lakh crore (Gross NPA ratio of ~2.6%)

 Net NPAs: ~₹0.50 lakh crore (Net NPA ratio of ~0.5%)

 Private Sector Banks (PVBs):

 Gross NPAs: ~₹1.35 lakh crore (Gross NPA ratio of ~1.8%)

 Net NPAs: ~₹0.30 lakh crore (Net NPA ratio of ~0.4%)

 Total Across All Scheduled Commercial Banks: ~₹3.90 lakh crore

Total Annual Net Profits (FY 2025–26)

Indian commercial banks posted record aggregate net profits exceeding ₹3.6 lakh crore for the financial year ending March 2026, driven by higher net interest income (NII) and multi-year low credit costs:

 Public Sector Banks (PSBs):

 Net Profit: ~₹1.65 lakh crore (led by State Bank of India with over ₹70,000 crore)

 Private Sector Banks (PVBs):

 Net Profit: ~₹1.95 lakh crore (led by HDFC Bank, ICICI Bank, and Axis Bank)

 Total Banking Sector Net Profit: ~₹3.60 lakh crore